Saturday, August 16, 2014

Ebola

Families torn apart by Ebola: Photographer risks his own life to chronicle harrowing scenes in Liberia as doctors warn disease is out of control

  • Medics have likened the outbreak in west Africa to a state of war
  • Doctors Without Borders say the epidemic could last for another 6 months
  • One medic added that there is no way of knowing the true scale of deaths
  • Claims many of the sick are hidden at home rather than seeking treatment
  • WHO says it is coordinating a 'massive scale-up' of its bid to tackle Ebola
  • Added that the epidemic in West Africa has been vastly underestimated
  • Explained that extraordinary measures are need to contain spread of Ebola
  • Some athletes from west Africa are banned from attending Youth Olympics
  • Competitors in combat sports and swimming are not allowed to take part
By Jennifer Newton For Mailonline
As the Ebola outbreak continues to spread in West Africa - the current death toll standing at more than 1,000 - one photographer has bravely travelled to Monrovia, Liberia to chronicle work on the frontline. The pictures, by John Moore, from Getty Images, capture the harrowing scenes of families torn apart by the deadly disease, along with the medical workers battling to save the sick...
International doctors have admitted they don't know the true scale of deaths from the deadly Ebola virus warning the disease is spreading faster than the response.
The group Doctors Without Borders (Medecin Sans Frontieres) have likened the outbreak in west Africa to a state of war and said that the epidemic could last another six months.
Meanwhile, a medical worker on the frontline of tackling the disease in Liberia says response teams are unable to document all the cases erupting as many of the sick are being hidden at home rather than taken to Ebola treatment centres.

A mother and child stand on top of a mattress in an Ebola isolation station in Liberia for suspected victims of the virus
A mother and child stand on top of a mattress in an Ebola isolation station in Liberia for suspected victims of the virus

A sick child lies on a mattress in a former classroom in a primary school, which has been transformed into an Ebola ward
A sick child lies on a mattress in a former classroom in a primary school, which has been transformed into an Ebola ward

A woman stands over her husband with her head in her hands, after he staggered and fell, knocking him unconscious in an Ebola ward in Liberia
A woman stands over her husband with her head in her hands, after he staggered and fell, knocking him unconscious in an Ebola ward in Liberia

Workers wearing protective clothing and masks look on as the woman desperately tries to help her husband who has fallen to the ground
Workers wearing protective clothing and masks look on as the woman desperately tries to help her husband who has fallen to the ground

The ward, in a former primary school, is where people suspected of having the virus are sent by health workers
The ward, in a former primary school, is where people suspected of having the virus are sent by health workers

Patients in the Ebola isolation centre are forced to sleep on mattresses on the floor after being sent to the facility suspected of having the disease
Patients in the Ebola isolation centre are forced to sleep on mattresses on the floor after being sent to the facility suspected of having the disease





Three-year-old Nino sits in a newly opened Ebola isolation centre set up by the Liberian health ministry in a closed school
Three-year-old Nino sits in a newly opened Ebola isolation centre set up by the Liberian health ministry in a closed school

Children sit in the isolation ward as the disease continues to spread in West Africa
Children sit in the isolation ward as the disease continues to spread in West Africa

Tarnue Karbbar, who works for the aid group Plan International in northern Liberia says in the last several days, up to 75 new cases a day are emerging in single districts.
He also added that those who have succumbed to the deadly virus are buried before teams can get to the area.
He said: 'Our challenge now is to quarantine the area to successfully break the transmission.'
It comes as Joanne Liu, international president of Doctors Without Borders told reporters in Geneva on Friday that there is no sign of stopping the disease.

Getty Images staff photographer John Moore wears protective clothing, knows as personal protective equipment (PPE), before joining a Liberian burial team set to remove the body of an Ebola victim from her home
Getty Images staff photographer John Moore wears protective clothing, knows as personal protective equipment (PPE), before joining a Liberian burial team set to remove the body of an Ebola victim from her home

Neighbours watch as a son prepares his father to be taken to an Ebola isolation centre yesterday
Neighbours watch as a son prepares his father to be taken to an Ebola isolation centre yesterday

The facility was constructed to house a surging number of patients diagnosed with Ebola in three west African countries
The facility was constructed to house a surging number of patients diagnosed with Ebola in three west African countries

A son tries to rouse his father in their one-room home before he is taken to an Ebola ward in Liberia
A man stands next to the coffin of Dr Modupeh Cole, a doctor from Sierra Leone, who succumbed to the deadly Ebola virus
A son tries to rouse his father in their one-room home (top) before he is taken to an Ebola ward in Liberia;bottom , a man stands next to the coffin of Dr Modupeh Cole, a doctor from Sierra Leone, who succumbed to the deadly Ebola virus

An Ebola victim is loaded on to a truck by a government burial team at a facility in Kailahun in Sierra Leone
An Ebola victim is loaded on to a truck by a government burial team at a facility in Kailahun in Sierra Leone

The team then spray the coffin with disinfectant at the facility set up by Medecins Sans Frontieres (Doctors Without Borders)
The team then spray the coffin with disinfectant at the facility set up by Medecins Sans Frontieres (Doctors Without Borders)

A man carries a child through the streets near an Ebola isolation ward. Ebola, which causes a high fever, bleeding and vomiting, has no cure and no licensed treatment
A man carries a child through the streets near an Ebola isolation ward. Ebola, which causes a high fever, bleeding and vomiting, has no cure and no licensed treatment

She said: 'We're running behind a train that is going forward.
'And it literally is faster than what we're bringing in terms of a response.'
The doctors' warnings come as a World Health Organisation official claimed that Ebola treatment centres are filling up faster than they can be provided in west Africa.
WHO spokesman in Geneva Gregory Hartl said: 'The flood of patients into every newly opened treatment center is evidence that the numbers aren't keeping up.'
A security guard walks atop the roof of an abandoned hotel in Monrovia
A security guard walks atop the roof of an abandoned hotel in Monrovia

Chinese doctors put on protective clothing and masks before starting work at the Harman Road Hospital in Freetown, Sierra Leone
Chinese doctors put on protective clothing and masks before starting work at the Harman Road Hospital in Freetown, Sierra Leone

Chinese doctors came to the hospital, which had to have an overall disinfection after receiving a patient with Ebola
A Chinese doctor works in the ophthalmologist clinic in the King Harman Hospital, which has treated Ebola patients
Chinese doctors came to the hospital, which had to have an overall disinfection after receiving a patient with Ebola. Right, a doctor works in the ophthalmologist clinic in the King Harman Hospital, which has treated Ebola patients



He added that an 80-bed treatment centre opened in Liberia's capital Monrovia in recent days and filled up immediately. The next day, dozens more people showed up to be treated.
Meanwhile, he said that experts who are going house-to-house in Kenema, Sierra Leone, in search of infected people are discovering more cases.
Earlier the UN organisation had said the epidemic had been 'vastly' underestimated and that extraordinary measures are needed to contain the disease.
The Geneva-based organisation said in a statement that it was co-ordinating a 'massive scale-up of the international response' in a bid to tackle the spread of the Ebola.
The death toll from the condition has now climbed to 1,069 with most victims in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea.
The WHO said in the statement: 'The outbreak is expected to continue for some time. WHO’s operational response plan extends over the next several months.
 
A soldier from Sierra Leone stands near an Ebola information poster in Kenema district, which is being described as the 'epicentre' of the outbreak
A soldier from Sierra Leone stands near an Ebola information poster in Kenema district, which is being described as the 'epicentre' of the outbreak

A group of women and children wait outside a health centre in Kandopleu, Ivory Coast near the border with affected Ebola countries Guinea and Liberia
A group of women and children wait outside a health centre in Kandopleu, Ivory Coast near the border with affected Ebola countries Guinea and Liberia

'Staff at the outbreak sites see evidence that the numbers of reported cases and deaths vastly underestimate the magnitude of the outbreak.
'WHO is coordinating a massive scaling up of the international response, marshalling support from individual countries, disease control agencies, agencies within the United Nations system, and others.
'WHO Director-General Dr Margaret Chan held discussions with a group of ambassadors from Geneva’s United Nations missions. The meeting aimed to identify the most urgent needs within countries and match them with rapid international support. 
A Liberian burial team stand together in prayer before entering a house in Monrovia to remove the body of a woman suspected of dying of Ebola
After removing the woman's body, the workers then spray each other with disinfectant in a bid to stop the spread of the disease
A Liberian burial team stand together in prayer before entering a house in Monrovia to remove the body of a woman suspected of dying of Ebola. After removing the woman's body, the workers then spray each other with disinfectant in a bid to stop the spread of the disease

'These steps align with recognition of the extraordinary measures needed, on a massive scale, to contain the outbreak in settings characterised by extreme poverty, dysfunctional health systems, a severe shortage of doctors, and rampant fear.'
Meanwhile the International Olympic Committee announced today that it was prohibiting young athletes from the Ebola-affected region from participating in certain events at the Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing, China, which begin tomorrow.
Athletes from West Africa will not be allowed to compete in combat sports or in the swimming pool, as it is impossible to rule out the risk of potential infection, the IOC and the Nanjing Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee said in a joint statement.
Relatives and neighbours of a woman suspected of dying of Ebola watch on as a Liberian burial team prepare to enter her home to remove her body
Relatives and neighbours of a woman suspected of dying of Ebola watch on as a Liberian burial team prepare to enter her home to remove her body

A woman cries as the undertakers, wearing protective clothing go to remove her cousin's body
A woman cries as the undertakers, wearing protective clothing go to remove her cousin's body

After her body is placed on a truck and taken away, neighbours and relatives gather around to watch the vehicle depart
After her body is placed on a truck and taken away, neighbours and relatives gather around to watch the vehicle depart


The rules will prevent three athletes from the region from competing in those events, the statement said. 
Those from the affected region competing in other sports will also undergo regular temperature checks and physical assessments throughout the games the two committees said.
The statement added: 'We regret that due to this issue some young athletes may have suffered twice, both from the anguish caused by the outbreak in their home countries and by not being able to compete in the Youth Olympic Games.

Andrew, 14, gets dressed before being taken to an Ebola isolation ward
Andrew, 14, gets dressed before being taken to an Ebola isolation ward

'The IOC and Organising Committee will therefore offer to each of the National Olympic Committees affected, if they wish, that their national flag will be brought into the stadium at the opening ceremony and will be hoisted at the venues.
'The athletes who have not been able to participate will also receive in the near future an invitation from the IOC and the organising committee to come to Nanjing to take part in a sporting competition and to experience the welcoming atmosphere and spirit of the city and Jiangsu province.'
Ebola, which causes a high fever, bleeding and vomiting, has no cure and no licensed treatment.
Residents stand outside the home of a person sick with Ebola in West Point
Residents stand outside the home of a person sick with Ebola in West Point

Fishermen pull a dugout from the water in the impoverished neighbourhood of West Point in Monrovia, Liberia. People in the area suspected of contracting the Ebola virus are being brought by health workers to a temporary isolation centre
Fishermen pull a dugout from the water in the impoverished neighbourhood of West Point in Monrovia, Liberia. People in the area suspected of contracting the Ebola virus are being brought by health workers to a temporary isolation centre

Hurt First in Afghanistan then by Facebook

Facebook orders war hero who lost both legs and an arm in Afghanistan to remove picture of his 'offensive' stump

  • Andy Reid, 37, lost two legs and an arm serving in Afghanistan in 2009
  • Posted a photo of his stump with the message 'hard work on the legs today'
  • Site's community team removed the photo because it was 'offensive'
  • Facebook said the removal was a 'mistake' and re-uploaded the photo  
By Wills Robinson For Mailonline
A war hero who lost both legs and an arm while serving in Afghanistan has called Facebook 'harsh and narrow-minded' after they removed a picture of one of his stumps because it was 'offensive'.
Former Corporal Andy Reid, 37, from St Helens, Merseyside became a triple-amputee when a landmine exploded while he was on patrol in Helmand Province in 2009.
The father-of-one posted the picture of his stump with the caption 'hard work on the legs today'.
Andy Reid, 37, from St Helens, Merseyside, (pictured right at Camp Bastion in 2009) said the decision by Facebook to remove the photo of the stump was 'harsh and narrow-minded' 
But it was taken down by the social media's site communities team after a user complained about it.  
The site removed the innocent image, despite the fact it does not ban violent clips, including beheadings.
He told The Sun: 'It's just a picture of my leg at the end of the day. What's offensive about it?
'This is nowhere near as offensive as some of the pictures spreading from Islamic State fighters.  

'What's the difference between me without my leg on and pictures of what's going in Gaza? 
Corporal Reid who served with 3rd Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment, said he posted the picture to show people what it is like to live as an amputee.
The photo was linked to the Facebook page of Pilgrim Bandits, a charity that takes injured troops on excursions. 
Deborah Risbridger, a spokesman for the group, confirmed that Facebook had taken it down because it was deemed 'offensive'.
Corporal Reid talks to Prince Charles after winning the overcoming adversity award at the 'Millies' in 2010 
Corporal Reid talks to Prince Charles after winning the overcoming adversity award at the 'Millies' in 2010 
Corporal Reid stepped on a landmine whilst out on patrol in Helmand Province in October 2009
Corporal Reid stepped on a landmine whilst out on patrol in Helmand Province in October 2009
She said she was 'bemused' by the decision, considering some of the content readily available on the site, including images of beheadings and executions.
'This is common currency for these guys and it is not remarkable for Andy,' she added. 'When you set it against that backdrop it seems particularly harsh to have it removed.' 
Facebook operate a system where a user can 'report' content if they believe it is explicit or offensive.
This is then flagged up to their communities team who then decide whether it should be removed. 
The site have admitted Corporal Reid's picture had been deleted by the 'community standards' team — however it was re-published when the newspaper contacted them.
A spokesman said: 'Our experts work quickly and efficiently to review every report. Occasionally they make a mistake.
'In this case the photograph was incorrectly removed and as soon as we were made aware, we re-published it.'
Corporal Reid won an award for overcoming adversity at The Sun's 'Millies' in 2010. He also met the Queen during a 'Not Forgotten' Association Garden party in 2009. 
The father-of-one posted the picture (right) of his 'stump' with the caption 'hard work on the legs today'.
The hero was introduced to the Queen at the 'Not Forgotten' Association Garden Party in 2009 
The hero was introduced to the Queen at the 'Not Forgotten' Association Garden Party in 2009 

Sunday, August 10, 2014

Revealation by a Brothel Madame

High-class Paris brothel owner Madame Claude reveals all about A-list clients including JFK (who wanted a Jackie lookalike 'but hot')


Madame Claude

High-class Paris brothel owner Madame Claude reveals all about A-list clients including JFK (who wanted a Jackie lookalike 'but hot')

  • Madame Claude employed hundreds of call girls for stars in 1960s Paris
  • Her clients were said to include Marlon Brando and Muammar Gaddafi
  • Jackie Kennedy's first and second husbands both allegedly 'johns'
  • The eccentric brothel madam claimed to have spent time imprisoned in a Nazi concentration camp during the Second World War

France's most famous brothel madam claimed John F Kennedy asked her for a prostitute who looked like his wife Jackie - 'but hot'.
The former President joins a host of famous names said to have visited Madame Claude, the infamous owner of a high-class escort ring who employed hundreds of women in 1960s Paris.
Claude, now 91 and living in France, specialized in procuring call girls - whom she referred to as her 'swans' - for the rich and famous, servicing everyone from the actors Rex Harrison and Marlon Brando to the Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi.

Sensational claims: France's most famous brothel madam was allegedly approached by former U.S. President John F Kennedy (left) who wanted a lookalike of his first wife Jackie, the fashion and style icon (right) - 'but hot'
Sensational claims: France's most famous brothel madam was allegedly approached by former U.S. President John F Kennedy (left) who wanted a lookalike of his first wife Jackie, the fashion and style icon (right) - 'but hot'

Sensational claims: France's most famous brothel madam was allegedly approached by former U.S. President John F Kennedy (left) who wanted a lookalike of his first wife Jackie, the fashion and style icon (right) - 'but hot'

Surprising: It comes despite Jackie, nee Bouvier, being one of the most enduring fashion icons of her age
Surprising: It comes despite Jackie, nee Bouvier, being one of the most enduring fashion icons of her age
Surprising: It comes despite Jackie, nee Bouvier, being one of the most enduring fashion icons of her age
Surprising: It comes despite Jackie, nee Bouvier, being one of the most enduring fashion icons of her age
Famous: Pictured during her self-imposed exile in Los Angeles in 1985, Madame Claude was a cult figure
Famous: Pictured during her self-imposed exile in Los Angeles in 1985, Madame Claude was a cult figure

Acclaimed biographer William Stadiem, who penned the famous book on Marilyn Monroe, persuaded Madame Claude to co-author a tell-all book in the 1980s. Although it was never published, he has now has opened up about Claude and her roster of powerful clients.
Despite Jacqueline Kennedy being venerated as one of history's most elegant women, the explosive claims do not just involve her first husband.

Her second husband, the Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis, was also said to have visited Claude, along with his former lover Maria Callas; 'showing up with depraved requests that made Claude blush.'
'There was John Kennedy requesting a Jackie look-alike "but hot",' Mr Stadiem wrote in Vanity Fair, describing Claude as being 'tiny, blonde, perfectly coiffed and Chanel-clad.'
'There was Marc Chagall giving the girls priceless sketches of their nude selves, Gianni Agnelli taking a post-orgy group to Mass, the Shah and his gifts of jewels.
'There were such disparate bedfellows on the client list as Moshe Dayan and Muammar Qaddafi, Marlon Brando and Rex Harrison.'

The final glimpses of JFK: story by those saw him in final hours

Iconic: Jacqueline and her first husband formed one of the most recognisable couples in U.S. history
Iconic: Jacqueline and her first husband formed one of the most recognisable couples in U.S. history
Second husband: Aristotle Onassis pictured (right) after his marriage to Jackie (left) in August 1968
Second husband: Aristotle Onassis pictured (right) after his marriage to Jackie (left) in August 1968

Mr Stadiem also reveals that the C.I.A. once hired Claude's women to keep up morale during the Paris Peace Accords of 1973, which aimed to end U.S. military involvement in Vietnam.
'There are two things that people will always pay for, food and sex. I wasn't any good at cooking'
One of Claude's former loyal clients during the 50s and 60s was London's then-Spectator columnist Taki Theodoracopulos, who pointed out that 'going to a hooker' wasn't frowned upon in the days 'before the pill.'
Claude is said to have chosen mainly tall, stunning, 'failed actresses and models' - many of them Christian Dior couture models -  and favored foreign girls, especially Scandinavians.
The brothel madam is quoted as saying: 'There are two things that people will always pay for, food and sex. I wasn't any good at cooking.'

Arresting: The claims about the lovers of Jacqueline are revealed in the new edition of Vanity Fair
Arresting: The claims about the lovers of Jacqueline are revealed in the new edition of Vanity Fair
Arresting: The claims about the lovers of Jacqueline are revealed in the new edition of Vanity Fair
Arresting: The claims about the lovers of Jacqueline are revealed in the new edition of Vanity Fair

The article investigates the fascinating journey of Madame Claude, born Fernande Grudet in 1923, and how she allegedly turned from a convent-raised resistance agent in the Second World War - who spent a stint at a German Nazi concentration camp, and apparently has the 'camp number tattoo' to prove it - to the head of France's biggest prostitute ring.
Many of the elaborate claims Claude made about her past, however, have been labeled as 'lies' and 'fantasy' by various sources who knew her.
'She reduced the entire world to rich men wanting sex and poor women wanting money'
Ironically given the X-rated nature of Claude's career, the eccentric character - mother to one daughter -  claimed to have 'hated sex,' and was of the opinion that people over 40 'shouldn't have it.' She was, however, a huge fan of plastic surgery, having had everything but her breasts 'done.'
Having made herself a small fortune with her prostitution ring, Claude was forced to flee France for Los Angeles in 1977 when French authorities began hounding her over alleged tax evasion.
Though she continued working as a madam in the U.S., Claude was described as being 'totally alone and adrift' there. She lived in a small apartment in West Hollywood 'filled with wardrobes full of glamorous French clothes no one would ever wear in LA.'

Infamous: Madame Claude after her return to France
Infamous: Madame Claude after her return to France

During her time in Los Angeles, Claude once attempted to enlist legendary actress and author Joan Collins as one of her 'swans.' In Ms Collins' 1997 memoir Second Act, she described Claude's proposition.
'Your husbands don't have to know, and I believe you could make enough money to buy yourself a few little extra baubles,' Claude allegedly said.
Some of the associates Mr Stadiem spoke with were decidedly scathing when describing Claude.
In one account, Françoise Fabian - the actress who played Claude in the 1977 film of her exploits - said she 'was like a slave driver on a plantation in the American South', who pushed the women who worked for her into debt.
Another account, from former-Hollywood based journalist Dany Jucaud was as follows: 'She was vicious... She reduced the entire world to rich men wanting sex and poor women wanting money.'
Eventually, Claude returned to her home country of France, endured a short jail term, and now lives a life shielded from the world.

Friday, August 8, 2014

How to go to the toilet in SPACE: Scientist reveals how astronauts 'boldly go' on the International Space Station

  • In a video Hank Green explains how pumps are used to collect waste
  • To collect urine a funnel is used with a hose and the liquid is then stored
  • This can be recycled using an anti gravity machine for drinking water
  • When doing a number two astronauts have to sit on a small toilet seat 
Ever wondered how astronauts use the toilet on the ISS in a weightless environment?
Well wonder no more, as Montana-based scientist Hank Green has explained all you could ever want to know about micro-gravity loos in his latest video.
Green explains that astronauts perform numbers one and two using a suction system, and some of the waste is reused on the ISS for life-essential systems.

Montana-based scientist has revealed how astronauts 'boldly go' on the ISS. In a video Hank Green explains how pumps are used to collect waste. When doing a number two astronauts have to sit on a small toilet seat (shown), which has a small opening. They 'potty train' by using a camera to see where to sit
Montana-based scientist has revealed how astronauts 'boldly go' on the ISS. In a video Hank Green explains how pumps are used to collect waste. When doing a number two astronauts have to sit on a small toilet seat (shown), which has a small opening. They 'potty train' by using a camera to see where to sit

‘As you might imagine, it’s a little bit tricky,’ says Green in the video, his SciShow Space YouTube channel.
On Earth, we are used to toilet seats about 12 to 28 inches (30 to 45cm) in diameter, but in space astronauts must contend with an opening that’s about four inches (ten centimetres) wide when they do a 'number two'.
They use restraints to hold themselves to the seat, which ensures that no waste can escape while they sit down and do their business.
To train astronauts to do this, Nasa has a toilet with a camera inside so they can practice positioning themselves correctly when they sit down.

‘The toilet itself works like a vacuum cleaner, using differential air pressure to suck the solid waste away,’ continues Green in the video.
The waste is not jettisoned into space, however, and is instead stored on the station to be disposed of on a capsule returning to Earth.

¿The toilet [shown] itself works like a vacuum cleaner, using differential air pressure to suck the solid waste away,¿ continues Green in the video. The waste is not jettisoned into space, and is instead stored on the station to be disposed of on a capsule returning to Earth
‘The toilet [shown] itself works like a vacuum cleaner, using differential air pressure to suck the solid waste away,’ continues Green in the video. The waste is not jettisoned into space, and is instead stored on the station to be disposed of on a capsule returning to Earth

Urinating, however, uses a different contraption.
Personal urinal funnels are supplied to each astronaut, which attaches to a hose adapter.
When an astronaut uses the funnel, fans suck the urine out into a waste water tank.
‘Naturally there are different set-ups for male and female astronauts and it’s actually easier for the women,’ explains Green.
‘They can place the funnels directly against their bodies which adhere to them and then the section is turned on.’
For male astronauts it’s a bit more difficult; they have to hold the funnel close enough to catch all the urine, but not so close that it might cause an injury.
To collect urine a funnel is used with a hose (shown) and the liquid is then stored. This can be recycled using an anti gravity machine for drinking water, and Nasa hopes to eventually also use it to produce electricity
To collect urine a funnel is used with a hose (shown) and the liquid is then stored. This can be recycled using an anti gravity machine for drinking water, and Nasa hopes to eventually also use it to produce electricity
The ISS (shown) supports a crew of up to six, with crews split into groups of three. The station orbits at a height of about 265 miles (425 kilometres). It has a total mass of about 990,000 pounds (450,000 kilograms) and has liveable space roughly equivalent to a five-bedroom house
The ISS (shown) supports a crew of up to six, with crews split into groups of three. The station orbits at a height of about 265 miles (425 kilometres). It has a total mass of about 990,000 pounds (450,000 kilograms) and has liveable space roughly equivalent to a five-bedroom house
Toilets on the ISS aren’t cheap - they can cost upwards of £11 million ($19 million), while the entire set-up costs about £150 million ($250 million)
This is because the urine facilities are fairly complex; in 2008 astronauts began using a new system than can purify and distill urine into water.
This can then be recycled and used for drinking and bathing.
To separate contaminants in the urine from the water, the ISS has a spinning keg-sized distiller that creates artificial gravity while boiling the liquid.
Eventually Nasa also hopes to generate electricity using the urine in a process known as forward osmosis.
‘Now if only we could find some equally useful thing to do with our space poop,’ Green concludes.
********************************************

THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION

Construction of the ISS began on 20 November 1998.
It supports a crew of up to six, with crews split into groups of three.
The station orbits at a height of about 265 miles (425 kilometres).
It has a total mass of about 990,000 pounds (450,000 kilograms) and has liveable space roughly equivalent to a five-bedroom house.
The ISS completes an orbit of Earth every 92.91 minutes and moves at 17,100 miles (27,600 kilometres) per hour.
It has now been in space for more than 5,600 days, during which time it has completed more than 88,000 orbits of Earth, and has been continuously occupied for more than 13 years.
*******************************************